Water balance and influence mechanism analysis: a case study of Hongjiannao Lake, China

Hongjiannao groundwater exchange was the largest desert freshwater lake in China (57.25 km2 1986). However, it shrank sharply over past 34a (1986–2019), with smallest area 31.41 2015. The objective of this study to use Landsat images, ASTER GDEM V2 data, and meteorology statistics combination water balance model calculate dynamics elements, quantify characterize interannual variations lake-groundwater exchanges, analyze its influencing factors by using geographical detector. results showed that stable stage (1986–1997), average rate area, level, volume change −0.26 km2/a, −0.0483 m/a, −0.0009 km3/a, respectively. Precipitation, river inflow, were 0.0203 km3, 0.0485 0.0098 which accounts for whole input 25.83%, 61.70%, 12.47%, respectively; evaporation 0.0786 km3. In reduction (1998–2015), −1.21 −0.2422 −0.0101 Before 2006, precipitation, 0.0154 0.0475 −0.0025 from 2006 2009, 0.0143 0.0334 0.0058 after 0.0139 0.0199 0.0085 Evaporation decreased 0.0714 0.0480 km3 1998 growth (2016–2019), 1.38 0.27 0.0088 0.0209 0.0005 0.0373 46.63%, 52.12%, 1.25%, 0.0187 Compared stage, reduced 12.47% (0.0098 km3) only 1.25% (0.0005 km3). From 2004, Lake experienced continuous losing conditions (discharge groundwater), a variable up −0.01582 1999. Through detector analysis, found temperature dominant factor 1988 1997, while human